![]() ![]() ![]() This leads us to make decisions on insufficient data. Our brains have a difficult time with statistics, and we often don’t understand that small samples are inherently more extreme than large samples. ![]() The second part of the book focuses on biases in calculations. System 1 also causes us to substitute easier questions for hard ones, like “What is my mood right now?” for the question “How happy am I these days?” This in turn causes us to like (or dislike) everything about a person, place or thing (the halo effect). System 1 also tends to search for examples that confirm our previously held beliefs (the confirmation bias). Kahneman elaborates on System 1’s biases: sentences that are easier to compute and more familiar seem truer than sentences that require additional thought (a feeling called cognitive ease). ![]() But this causes errors, particularly because System 1 has biases and can be easily affected by various environmental stimuli (called priming). System 2 requires more effort, and thus we tend to be lazy and rely on System 1. System 2 is responsible for thoughts and actions that require attention and deliberation: solving problems, reasoning, and concentrating. We use it to calculate simple math problems, read simple sentences, or recognize objects as belonging to a category. System 1 operates automatically, intuitively, and involuntarily. Daniel Kahneman begins by laying out his idea of the two major cognitive systems that comprise the brain, which he calls System 1 and System 2. ![]()
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